History of Blue Whale

😃😃Blue whale😃😃

ABOUT IT

Reaching a maximum confirmed length of 29.9 meters (98 feet) and weight of 173 tones (190 tons),[3] it is the largest animal known to have ever existed.[4] The blue
There are currently five subspecies of blue whale, recognized by the Society for Marine Mammalogy's Committee on Taxonomy: B. m. musculus in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, B. m. intermedia in the Southern Ocean, in the waters off Chile.

Morphology

A blue whale lifting its tail flukes
The mottling pattern is highly variable and the unique pigmentation pattern along the back in the region of the dorsal fin can be used to identify known individuals. Additional distinguishing features of the blue whale include a broad, flat head, which appears U-shaped from above; 270–395 entirely black baleen plates on each side of their upper jaw; 60–88 expandable throat pleats; long, slender flippers; a small (up to 13 inches (33 cm)) falcate dorsal fin positioned far back toward the tail; a thick tail stock; and a massive, slender fluke.

BLUE WALE
The blue whale is the largest known animal. In the International Whaling Commission (IWC) whaling database, 88 individuals longer than 30 m . The Discovery Committee reported lengths up to 102 ft (31.1 m, the longest scientifically measured (e.g., from rostrum males’ Hydrodynamic models suggest that a blue whale could not exceed 108 ft (33 m) due to metabolic and energy constraints.

Life span
Blue whales secrete earwax (cerumen) throughout their lives. Each chronologically deposited light and dark layer (lamina) indicate a switch between fasting during migration and feeding, and one set is laid down per year, and thus the number of these layers can be used as an indicator of age.

Reproduction and birth

A blue whale calf with its mother
Using the number of earwax lamina deposited in the earplug and development of sexual organs from dead whales has been determined. Another method for determining age at sexual maturity, involves measurements of testosterone from the baleen of male blue whales. Testosterone concentrations measured from baleen suggest that the age at sexual maturity for one blue whale was 9 years.. Female pygmy blue whales are 68.9–71.2 ft (21.0–21.7 m) in length[31] and roughly 10 years old at age of sexual maturity.

Evolution
Blue whales are rorquals, in the family Balaenopteridae whose extant members include the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera brydei), Eden's whale (Balaenoptera edeni), common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis), Omura's whale (Balaenoptera omurai), and humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae).
Molecular evidence places blue whales in the Superorder Cetartiodactyla, which includes the Orders Cetacea (under which blue whales are classified) and Artiodactyla, even-toed ungulates. This classification is supported by evidence of morphological homology between cetaceans and artiodactyls in two described archaic whales.

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THE LARGEST ANIMAL???.........

😃😃Blue whale😃😃

ABOUT IT

The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a marine mammal belonging to the baleen whale suborder Mysticeti. Reaching a maximum confirmed length of 29.9 meters (98 feet) and weight of 173 tonnes (190 tons),^[3] it is the largest animal known to have ever existed.^[4] The blue whale’s long and slender body can be various shades of grayish-blue dorsally and somewhat lighter underneath.

There are currently five subspecies of blue whale, recognized by the Society for Marine Mammalogy's Committee on Taxonomy: B. m. musculus in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, B. m. intermedia in the Southern Ocean, B. m. brevicauda (the pygmy blue whale) in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, B. m. indica in the Northern Indian Ocean, and B. m. unnamed subsp. in the waters off Chile. The blue whale diet consists almost exclusively of euphausiids (krill).

Morphology

A blue whale lifting its tail flukes

Blue whales have long, slender mottled grayish-blue bodies, although they appear blue underwater.^[14][15][16]

The mottling pattern is highly variable and the unique pigmentation pattern along the back in the region of the dorsal fin can be used to identify known individuals.Additional distinguishing features of the blue whale include a broad, flat head, which appears U-shaped from above; 270–395 entirely black baleen plates on each side of their upper jaw; 60–88 expandable throat pleats; long, slender flippers; a small (up to 13 inches (33 cm)) falcate dorsal fin positioned far back toward the tail; a thick tail stock; and a massive, slender fluke.

Size

BLUE WALE

The blue whale is the largest known animal.^{[24][14][25][26]} In the International Whaling Commission (IWC) whaling database, 88 individuals longer than 30 m were reported, including one up to 33.0 m, but problems with how the measurements were made suggest that measurements longer than 30.5 m are somewhat suspect.^[27] The Discovery Committee reported lengths up to 102 ft (31.1 m);^[28] however, the longest scientifically measured (e.g., from rostrum tip to tail notch) individual blue whale was 98 ft (29.9 m).^[3] Female blue whales are larger than males.^[16][29] Hydrodynamic models suggest that a blue whale could not exceed 108 ft (33 m) due to metabolic and energy constraints.^[30]

Life span

The most reliable age estimations are from ear plugs. Blue whales secrete earwax (cerumen) throughout their lives forming long, multilayered plugs. Each chronologically deposited light and dark layer (lamina) indicate a switch between fasting during migration and feeding, and one set is laid down per year, and thus the number of these layers can be used as an indicator of age.^[35][36][37] The maximum age determined from earplug laminae for a pygmy whale is 73 years.

Reproduction and birth

A blue whale calf with its mother

Using the number of earwax lamina deposited in the earplug and development of sexual organs from dead whales,^[57] it has been determined blue whales reach sexual maturity at about 10 years old and at an average length of 23.5 m for female Antarctic blue whales.^{[26][57][97][199][200]} Another method for determining age at sexual maturity, involves measurements of testosterone from the baleen of male blue whales.^[201][202] Testosterone concentrations measured from baleen suggest that the age at sexual maturity for one blue whale was 9 years.^[201] Male pygmy blue whales averaged 61.4 ft (18.7 m) at sexual maturity.^[203][204] Female pygmy blue whales are 68.9–71.2 ft (21.0–21.7 m) in length^[31] and roughly 10 years old at age of sexual maturity.

Evolution

Blue whales are rorquals, in the family Balaenopteridae^[266] whose extant members include the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera brydei), Eden's whale (Balaenoptera edeni), common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis), Omura's whale (Balaenoptera omurai), and humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae).^[267]

Molecular evidence places blue whales in the Superorder Cetartiodactyla, which includes the Orders Cetacea (under which blue whales are classified) and Artiodactyla, even-toed ungulates. This classification is supported by evidence of morphological homology between cetaceans and artiodactyls in two described archaic whales.

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DEADLY ANIMAL???.....

😃😃LION😃😃

ABOUT IT

The lion (Panthera leo) is a species in the family Felidae; it is a muscular, deep-chested cat with a short, rounded head, a reduced neck and round ears, and a hairy tuft at the end of its tail. It is sexually dimorphic; adult male lions have a prominent mane, which is the most recognisable feature of the species. With a typical head-to-body length of 184–208 cm (72–82 in) they are larger than females at 160–184 cm (63–72 in). It is a social species, forming groups called prides. A lion pride consists of a few adult males, related females and cubs. Groups of female lions usually hunt together, preying mostly on large ungulates. The lion is an apex and keystone predator, although some lions scavenge when opportunities occur, and have been known to hunt humans, although the species typically does not.

Subspecies

Range map showing distribution of subspecies and clades

In the 19th and 20th centuries, several lion type specimens were described and proposed as subspecies, with about a dozen recognised as valid taxa until 2017.^[1] Between 2008 and 2016, IUCN Red List assessors used only two subspecific names: P. l. leo for African lion populations and P. l. persica for the Asiatic lion population.^[2][15][16] In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised lion taxonomy, and recognises two subspecies based on results of several phylogeographic studies on lion evolution, namely:^[17]

• P. l. leo (Linnaeus, 1758) − the nominate lion subspecies includes the Asiatic lion, the regionally extinct Barbary lion, 
• and lion populations in West and northern parts of Central Africa.^[17] Synonyms include P. l. persica (Meyer, 1826), P. l. senegalensis (Meyer, 1826), P. l. kamptzi (Matschie, 1900), and P. l. azandica (Allen, 1924).^[1] Some authors referred to it as 'northern lion' and 'northern subspecies'.

Fossil records

The skull of an American lion on display at the National Museum of Natural History

Other lion subspecies or sister species to the modern lion existed in prehistoric times:^[22]

• P. l. sinhaleyus was a fossil carnassial excavated in Sri Lanka, which was attributed to a lion. It is thought to have become extinct around 39,000 years ago.^[23]
• P. leo fossilis, P. fossilis or P. spelaea fossilis was larger than the modern lion and lived in the Middle Pleistocene. Bone fragments were excavated in caves in the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Czech Republic.^[24][25]
• Panthera spelaea lived in Eurasia and Beringia during the Late Pleistocene. It became extinct due to climate warming latest by 11,900 years ago.^[26] Bone fragments excavated in European, North Asian, Canadian and Alaskan caves indicate that it ranged from Europe across Siberia into western Alaska.^[27] It likely derived from P. fossilis,^[28] and was genetically isolated and highly distinct from the lion in Africa and Asia.^[29][28] It is depicted in Paleolithic cave paintings, ivory carvings, and clay busts.

Distribution and habitat

Lion in Gir National Park

African lions live in scattered populations across Sub-Saharan Africa. The lion prefers grassy plains and savannahs, scrub bordering rivers and open woodlands with bushes. It is absent from rainforest and rarely enters closed forest. On Mount Elgon, the lion has been recorded up to an elevation of 3,600 m (11,800 ft) and close to the snow line on Mount Kenya.^[46] Lions occur in savannah grasslands with scattered acacia trees, which serve as shade.^[74] The Asiatic lion now only survives in and around Gir National Park in Gujarat, western India. Its habitat is a mixture of dry savannah forest and very dry, deciduous scrub forest.

Communication

Head rubbing among pride members is a common social behaviour

When resting, lion socialisation occurs through a number of behaviours; the animal's expressive movements are highly developed. The most common peaceful, tactile gestures are head rubbing and social licking, which have been compared with the role of allogrooming among primates.^[169] Head rubbing – the nuzzling of the forehead, face and neck against another lion – appears to be a form of greeting^[170] and is seen often after an animal has been apart from others or after a fight or confrontation. Males tend to rub other males, while cubs and females rub females.^[171] Social licking often occurs in tandem with head rubbing; it is generally mutual and the recipient appears to express pleasure. The head and neck are the most common parts of the body licked; this behaviour may have arisen out of utility because lions cannot lick these areas themselves

SOME AMAZING IMAGES OF LION

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ARCHITEC???.....

😃😃Architecture😃😃

ABOUT IT

Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "creator") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures.^[3] Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

Definitions

Architecture can mean:

• A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures.^[5]
• The art and science of designing buildings and (some) nonbuilding structures.^[5]
• The style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures.^[5]
• A unifying or coherent form or structure.^[6]
• Knowledge of art, science, technology, and humanity.^[5]
• The design activity of the architect,^[5] from the macro-level (urban design, landscape architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture). The practice of the architect, where architecture means offering or rendering professional services in connection with the design and construction of buildings, or built environments

History

Main article: History of architecture

Origins and vernacular architecture

Main article: Vernacular architecture

Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft. It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world.

SOME EXAMPLES OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE

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SOLVE IT.........

Rubik's Cube

ABOUT IT

Rubik's Cube is a 3-D combination puzzle invented in 1974^[1][2] by Hungarian sculptor and professor of architecture Ernő Rubik. Originally called the Magic Cube,^[3] the puzzle was licensed by Rubik to be sold by Ideal Toy Corp. in 1980^[4] via businessman Tibor Laczi and Seven Towns founder Tom Kremer^[5] and won the German Game of the Year special award for Best Puzzle that year. As of January 2009, 350 million cubes had been sold worldwide,^[6][7] making it the world's top-selling puzzle game.^[8][9] It is widely considered to be the world's best-selling toy.^[10]

On the original classic Rubik's Cube, each of the six faces was covered by nine stickers, each of one of six solid colours: white, red, blue, orange, green, and yellow. Some current versions of the cube have been updated to use coloured plastic panels instead, which prevents peeling and fading.^[11] In currently sold models, white is opposite yellow, blue is opposite green, and orange is opposite red, and the red, white, and blue are arranged in that order in a clockwise arrangement.^[12] On early cubes, the position of the colours varied from cube to cube.^[13] An internal pivot mechanism enables each face to turn independently, thus mixing up the colours. For the puzzle to be solved, each face must be returned to have only one colour. Similar puzzles have now been produced with various numbers of sides, dimensions, and stickers, not all of them by Rubik.

 invention

In the mid-1970s, Ernő Rubik worked at the Department of Interior Design at the Academy of Applied Arts and Crafts in Budapest.^[15] Although it is widely reported that the Cube was built as a teaching tool to help his students understand 3D objects, his actual purpose was solving the structural problem of moving the parts independently without the entire mechanism falling apart. He did not realise that he had created a puzzle until the first time he scrambled his new Cube and then tried to restore it.^[16] Rubik applied for a patent in Hungary for his "Magic Cube" (Bűvös kocka in Hungarian) on 30 January 1975,^[3] and HU170062 was granted later that year.

Rubik's Cube

Other names	Magic Cube, Speed Cube, Puzzle Cube, Cube
Type	Combination puzzle
Inventor(s)	Ernő Rubik
Company	Rubik's Brand Ltd
Country	Hungary
Availability	1977: as Hungarian Magic Cube, first test batches released in Budapest 1980: as Rubik's Cube, worldwide–present
Official website

Move notation

Many 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube enthusiasts use a notation developed by David Singmaster to denote a sequence of moves, referred to as "Singmaster notation".^[51] Its relative nature allows algorithms to be written in such a way that they can be applied regardless of which side is designated the top or how the colours are organised on a particular cube.

• F (Front): the side currently facing the solver
• B (Back): the side opposite the front
• U (Up): the side above or on top of the front side
• D (Down): the side opposite the top, underneath the Cube
• L (Left): the side directly to the left of the front
• R (Right): the side directly to the right of the front
• ƒ (Front two layers): the side facing the solver and the corresponding middle layer
• b (Back two layers): the side opposite the front and the corresponding middle layer
• u (Up two layers): the top side and the corresponding middle layer
• d (Down two layers): the bottom layer and the corresponding middle layer
• l (Left two layers): the side to the left of the front and the corresponding middle layer
• r (Right two layers): the side to the right of the front and the corresponding middle layer
• x (rotate): rotate the entire Cube on R
• y (rotate): rotate the entire Cube on U
• z (rotate): rotate the entire Cube on F

SOLVING METHOD

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